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Remaja, Belajar Kesehatan Reprodukasi Yuk !

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Remaja Sehat ft twicopy.com

Astriani

Astriani

oleh Astriani

Belum lama ini masyarakat dikejutkan dengan beberapa kasus kekerasan yang dialami oleh perempuan di yogyakarta. Pertama, ditemukannya perempuan yang meninggal akibat mengalami pendarahan di kamar kosnya, sedangkan kasus yang kedua ditemukannya perempuan penjual angkringan yang meninggal dunia karena dibunuh dan pelakunya juga masih tega melakukan kekerasan seksual terhadapnya. Kasus kekerasan seksual masih menjadi pekerjaan rumah bagi kita semua.

Berdasarkan catatan komisi nasional anti kekerasan terhadap perempuan dan anak (KOMNASPA), Januari-April 2014, terdapat 342 kasus kekerasan seksual terhadap anak. Data Polri 2014, mencatat ada 697 kasus kekerasan seksual terhadap anak yang terjadi di separuh tahun 2014. Dari jumlah itu, sudah 726 orang yang ditangkap dengan jumlah korban mencapai 859 orang. Sedangkan data KPAI dari bulan Januari hingga April 2014, terdapat 622 laporan kasus kekerasan terhadap anak.

Melihat kasus yang bagaikan gunung es, sebagai remaja tentunya harus selalu mawas diri. Penting untuk membekali remaja dengan pendidikan kesehatan reproduksi. Pengertian pendidikan kesehatan reproduksi sendiri adalah suatu keadaan kesehatan yang sempurna baik secara fisik, mental, dan sosial dan bukan semata-mata terbebas dari penyakit atau kecacatan dalam segala aspek yang berhubungan dengan sistem reproduksi, fungsi serta prosesnya. Pendidikan kesehatan reproduksi bukanlah hal yang tabu, karena dengan mendapatkan pendidikan kesehatan reproduksi, remaja menjadi tahu fungsi dan cara perawatannya.

Pendidikan kesehatan reproduksi bukan sekedar memberi informasi yang lengkap mengenai seksualitas kesehatan reproduksi dari sudut biologis saja. Pendidikan kesehatan reproduksi juga mengajarkan remaja memiliki keterampilan untuk memilih dan mengkomunikasikan pilihannya. selain itu juga melindungi resiko hubungan seks yang tidak aman.

Manfaat remaja mengetahui kesehatan reproduksi agar memiiliki informasi yang benar mengenai proses reproduksi serta berbagai  faktor yang ada disekitarnya sehingga remaja memiliki sikap dan tingkah laku yang bertujuan melindungi reproduksinya. Orangtua juga harus aktif untuk mengenalkan pendidikan kesehatan reproduksi sejak dini.

Pengetahuan dasar yang perlu diberikan kepada remaja agar mereka mempunyai  kespro yang baik diantaranya :

  1. Pengenalan mengenai sistem, proses dan fungsi alat reproduksi dan hak – hak reproduksi
  2. Mengapa remaja perlu mendewasakan usia kawin serta bagaimana merencanakan kehamilan agar sesuai dengan keinginnannya dan pasangannya
  3. Infeksi Menular Seksual ,HIV-AIDS serta dampaknya terhadap kondisi kesehatan reproduksi
  4. Bahaya narkoba dan miras pada kesehatan reproduksi
  5. Pengaruh sosial & media terhadap perilaku seksual
  6. Kekerasan seksual dan bagaimana menghindarinya.

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Opini

Bridging the Gap: Access to Justice for Women in Rural Indonesia

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Sumber foto: Freepik

Author: Sarah Crockett (Intern from Australia)

Article 27 of the 1945 Constitution affirmed that all citizens shall be equal before the law, underscoring a core principle of equality within the legal framework of Indonesia. This foundational concept is further reinforced through Article 28D(1); that every person shall be entitled to protection and equitable legal certainty as well as equal treatment before the law. This burdens the State to grant everyone the right to be equal before the law without any excuses. In 1984 Indonesia also ratified CEDAW (The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women). These laws, while well-intentioned, have frequently fallen short of their goals. Over the years, cases have shown how laws failed to facilitate the protection of women and the prevention of sexual harassment in Indonesia. A key aspect of this is the difficulty women experiencing in gaining access to justice following sexual crimes.

This issue of access to justice for women who have experienced sexual violence is heightened in rural areas. Rural regions are not only more isolated in a geographic sense, but the remoteness of location also creates a scarcity of certain assets. There are fewer resources like lawyers, education on the law and other legal aids. This can make it even more difficult to obtain legal counsel and cause confusion around whether individuals are entitled to legal assistance as well as where they can find it. Many women are unaware of their rights or what legal avenues are available to them to address instances of sexual assault. These areas also lack access to essential legal technology such as systems for digital record-keeping.

This gap can create inefficiencies in case handling, particularly in cases of sexual assault where the documentation of incidents is vital to the provision of evidence. The resulting inefficiencies stemming from outdated or ineffective record systems can lead to lost or mismanaged evidence, creating obstacles to timely and efficient legal justice and undermining the credibility of the legal system. Furthermore, a lack of adequate support systems for victims in rural areas, for example advocacy groups or mental health services, can increase feelings of isolation and helplessness resulting in reduced reporting. It is particularly vital that these issues are addressed as a significant portion of reported sexual assaults originate in rural regions. In a survey of 735 court decisions involving the sexual abuse of women 78.1% of cases were from rural region, although many cases go unreported.

Rural regions and more isolated communities tend to have even greater social stigma around female sexual assault than more urban areas. Traditional values in these areas can prioritize family honour and the reputation of the community over individual rights. An example of how this can manifest is the fact that women in rural regions who are assaulted are frequently pressured to marry their rapist to avoid social stigma by both their family and the police. In 2020 in East Nusa Tenggara a fifteen-year-old rape victim was married off by her parents to her seventy-year-old rapist. This stigma is amplified by cultural norms and patriarchal attitudes that place the burden of blame on victims. As a result, victims fear damage to their reputations or even backlash from their families.

Cultural norms may also encourage reconciliation over the pursuit of legal recourse. There is often pressure to avoid legal action to reduce the perceived shame this would bring the families of women who have experienced sexual assault. Victims may also feel that the outcomes they can expect for reporting will be unsatisfactory and therefore decline to pursue formal justice, particularly in rural areas. This stigmatization not only discourages individuals from seeking legal recourse but also affects their mental health and physical well-being. The stigma could extend to the legal process, where victims may face revictimization through insensitive questioning or biased treatment, reinforcing a culture of silence and underreporting. There is also a trend in rural areas of police lacking sensitivity training when dealing with victims of sexual assault, resulting in a bias against claimants and a culture of victim-blaming, further disincentivising victims from reporting.

In recent years, Indonesia experienced progressive development towards its laws and regulations on sexual violence. For years, the Wetboek van Stratrecht (WvS) has been the sole reference of law on sexual violence in Indonesia. In general, the Dutch-inherited criminal code is not sufficient to accommodate the fast-changing dynamics of criminal law in Indonesia. For years, Indonesia applied a very limited definition of sexual violence that often ending up causing harm to victims and restricted the effectiveness of legal enforcement. The retributive nature of Indonesia’s criminal law also puts aside the victim’s rights and interests which a massive application of restorative justice in Indonesia’s criminal law has tried to reform. Indonesia has now enacted Law Number 12 of 2022 on Sexual Violence which adopted a broader definition of sexual violence. The adoption of a broader definition of sexual violence could be seen from the inclusion of non-physical sexual harassment, marital sexual harassment, and online-based sexual violence.

Law Number 12 of 2022 also puts more focus on the victim compared to the old law as it is more perpetrator-oriented. The new law sets out a series of measures for the protection of the victim of sexual harassment such as medical and psychological guidance, restitution, rehabilitation, and also legal aid. The new law also recognises the importance of the victim’s own statements as well as digital evidence. However, despite the improvements shown by Law Number 12 of 2022, there have been a lot of obstacles in implementing the law. Law enforcement officers, especially police and prosecutors, are often poorly trained in handling sexual violence cases from a victim-centered perspective, resulting in many cases not being taken seriously or being overlooked. This also causes victims to doubt whether their cases would be taken seriously or if they would experience backlash for being the victims of sexual crimes.

The new law on sexual violence is expected to bring fresh air to the enforcement and eradication of sexual harassment in Indonesia. It is also in the spirit of applying the concept of restorative justice in Indonesia’s criminal law, while slowly leaving the long-adopted concept of retributive justice. In its formulation, the Government labelled Law Number 12 of 2022 on Sexual Violence as a more accommodating law and provides more care to the victim by introducing more definitions of sexual violence, legal aid to the victim, restitution, and a higher sanction to the perpetrator. Despite all the claims made by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia, the law is far from what seems to be the objective of the law. One of the most vital points in ensuring the success of the implementation of the law is the legal enforcer. As perfect as it is, the law will not be ideal if the enforcement is weak.

In addition, the enforcement of the law in online-based sexual violence remains ineffective. The digital infrastructure provided by the government in battling with online-based sexual violence is insufficient and cannot accommodate the fast-paced development of the internet. This can result in victims being left untreated and the existing systems for protection and prevention of online sexual violence are very minimal. Overall, further work is required in order to facilitate better access to justice for women in rural Indonesia.

 

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