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Notes of a Former Migrant Worker (based on an interview)

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Mitra Wacana

By: Umiasih (CO Kulon Progo)

This will tell the story of what happened to a person that will be referred to as BN. This event occurred in the 1990’s when BN received an offer to work overseas. At that time, BN had just divorced her husband, and had one child. The person offering the job presented it as a lucrative job offer. At first BN wasn’t sure whether or not to take the job, but she hoped that if she took the job she would be able to guarantee a future for her child, so finally she decided to accept the job offer.

The requirements weren’t complicated, the important thing was that BN had an Identity Card. After her preparations were complete, BN departed by bus to Batam. After arriving at her destination, BN was brought to a shelter in a simple house that was surrounded by a wall, like a prison. After approximately six months in that shelter, BN departed to Malaysia to work as a domestic helper.

While working, BN was forbidden from speaking with her work friends. She also received physical violence, such as being slapped and hit by her boss. BN also never received any payment while working. These conditions made BN increasingly determined to escape from Malaysia and return to Indonesia, even though there were many obstacles and risks. Her first attempt failed, BN was found out by her boss and badly beaten.

BN never gave up. On her second escape attempt, BN met with the Indonesian Navy. She hoped they would help her, but instead they beat her and kicked her with their shoes. BN was captured and returned to her boss.

After this, BN felt resigned to her fate. Then four years later she tried to escape again. Together with a friend, BN tied bed sheets together, and used them to escape through the house window. She successfully arrived in the harbour at 2.am. However, her friend failed because she fell in the persons house. BN met with a fisherman who finally helped her to cross using a barge. BN crossed to the base of Pinang.

Upon arrival in Indonesia, BN decided to help the owner of the store where she took shelter. The owner wa named Sri, she was a person from Bantul in Yogyakarta. While living in Sri’s house, BN helped her sell things in the warung. One time Sri’s son came to visit, sith the help of Sri’s son, BN entrusted him with photos for her family at home, because BN had long been away, BN worried that her family would not recognize her. With Sri’s assistance, BN managed to go home and meet with family.

After 10 years back at home, BN received an invitation from Mitra Wacana WRC to join in a routine meeting at the Women’s Learning Centre (P3A). Because of these regular meetings, BN received information about the prevention of human trafficking. Besides that, the P3A is also a place to learn and share experiences. Before becoming a member of the P3A, BN had never before joined in with an organisation like that. Thanks to the regular meetings, BN realised that she had been a victim of human trafficking. Until now, BN still regularly joins in with P3A meetings. According to BN, if she regularly attends the meetings she believes she will learn many new things eg: about gender equality, reproductive help.

In OPSD, participants receive knowledge about the importance of participating in development. Women are able to participate in development, because women actually know more about their needs. For example, girls know the needs of the child, the things that endanger the child and take care of reproductive health. Unlike men, most of them think about their physical needs without paying attention to the psychic.

While joining in with the OPSD, BN received knowledge about including women in village development. For BN, the OPSD becomes a place for village women to learn about gender, village laws, preventing human trafficking and fulfilling women’s rights.

BN feels that she had many valuable experiences here. She has become more confident when mingling with the community and engaging in community deliberations. As an example, in one instance, BN emphasised the importance of educating people about the prevention of human trafficking. Her hope is so that there are no more victims of human trafficking her village.

During the process of OPSD, BN was not satisfied because not many participants from the village government joined the activity. According to BN, if OPSD are attended by many more “important” people from the village, then it will increase the number of people in society that are vocal about preventing human trafficking.

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Opini

Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Hukum (2) : Urgensi, Pengertian dan Kaidah Hukum

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Adam Tri Saputra
Kader Pusat Kajian Konstitusi Fakultas Hukum Universitas Haluoleo Kendari.

Dewasa ini, diera kompleksitas kehidupan umat manusia, keberadaan hukum ditengah-tengah masyarakat tentu sangat dibutuhkan. Selain sebagai sarana untuk mewujudkan keadilan, kebahagiaan, dan kepastian hukum dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat, berbangsa, dan bernegara, hukum juga bisa menjadi instrumen dalam mewujudkan masyarakat yang maju dan sejahtera _(tool of social engineering)_ dalam berbagai aspek, termasuk dalam aspek sosial, ekonomi, dan politik.

 

Secara filosofis historis, keberadaan hukum ditengah-tengah masyarakat memang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri. Artinya, hukum memiliki relasi yang erat dengan kehidupan masyarakat itu sendiri. Berkaitan dengan ini, kita mengenal adagium yang berbunyi Ubi Societas Ibi Ius (dimana ada masyarakat disitu ada hukum). Dalam kenyataannya, hukum senantiasa mengikuti perkembangan pola perilaku yang ada dalam masyarakat, begitupun sebaliknya. Menurut Drs. Sudarsono, S.H., Keterhubungan antara hukum dan masyarakat bertalian erat dengan adanya beberapa kebutuhan dasar manusia yang harus dilindungi oleh hukum. Diantaranya adalah kebutuhan fisiologis (makan-minum), kebutuhan keamanan, kerja sama, kehormatan diri, dan kebutuhan eksistensial. (Sudarsono, Pengantar Ilmu Hukum, 1991 : hal. 46).

 

Lebih lanjut, Sudikno Mertokusumo dalam bukunya berjudul Mengenal Hukum Suatu Pengantar mengetengahkan bahwa sejatinya manusia adalah makhluk yang sepanjang hidupnya dibarengi oleh berbagai macam kepentingan. Dan konsekuensi logis sebagai penyandang kepentingan, manusia menginginkan agar kepentingan-kepentingannya terlindungi dari bahaya yang mengancamnya. Oleh karena itu dibutuhkan adanya hukum atau pedoman hidup yang bisa mengatur secara proporsional kehidupan masyarakat, hal ini dilakukan untuk menghindari adanya tingkah laku seorang manusia yang secara potensial maupun aktual merugikan manusia lain. (Sudikno Mertokusumo, Mengenal Hukum : Suatu Pengantar, 2010 : 6).

 

Berdasarkan urgensi yang telah diuraikan diatas, kita bisa menarik suatu konklusi dengan mengartikan hukum sebagai sekumpulan pedoman hidup yang mengatur tata tertib suatu masyarakat secara seimbang dengan tujuan melindungi kepentingan masyarakat yang ada. Berkaitan dengan hal ini, Sudikno menjelaskan bahwa hukum adalah keseluruhan kaidah-kaidah dalam suatu kehidupan bersama yang pelaksanaannya dapat dipaksakan dengan suatu sanksi bagi yang melanggarnya. Lebih lanjut, hukum menurut Jeffrey Brand adalah aturan yang disepakati secara bersama untuk dilaksanakan sebagaimana mestinya. (Jeffrey Brand, Philosphy Of Law, 1976 : hal. 58).

 

Menurut Drs. C. Utrecht, S.H., Hukum adalah himpunan peraturan yang berisi perintah-perintah dan larangan-larangan yang mengurus tata tertib suatu masyarakat yang harus ditaati oleh masyarakat tersebut. Pengertian ini hampir sejalan dengan pendapat yang dikemukakan oleh Rosceo Pound yang mengartikan hukum sebagai keseluruhan norma-norma yang mengikat hubungan kepentingan antar manusia dalam masyarakat. Dalam kenyataannya memang, ada banyak sekali definisi hukum dari para ahli yang mewarnai perkembangan ilmu hukum, namun para ahli tersebut juga memberikan definisi yang berbeda-beda. Sehingga tidak ada satu definisi yang bisa diafirmasi secara mutlak sebagai definisi tunggal tentang hukum.

 

Sebagaimana yang telah di uraikan sebelumnya, bahwa untuk mewujudkan kondisi masyarakat yang tertib dan berkeadilan, dibutuhkan suatu pedoman hidup atau kaidah sosial yang disepakati secara bersama-sama sebagai patokan dalam bertingkah laku. Pada hakikatnya, kaidah sosial merupakan perumusan suatu pandangan mengenai perilaku atau sikap yang seharusnya dilakukan dan sikap yang tidak seharusnya dilakukan dalam masyarakat. (Soedjono Dirjosisworo, Pengantar Ilmu Hukum, 1987 : hal. 9). Dalam kehidupan masyarakat, paling tidak ditemukan empat kaidah sosial, masing-masing adalah kaidah agama, kaidah kesusilaan, kaidah kesopanan, dan kaidah hukum. Bila kaidah agama dan kaidah kesusilaan bersifat otonom (berasal dari dalam diri manusia), maka kaidah kesopanan dan kaidah hukum bersifat heteronom (berasal dari luar diri manusia).

 

Secara sederhana, ada dua alasan mengapa kaidah hukum masih dibutuhkan padahal sudah ada tiga kaidah sosial sebelumnya. Alasan pertama, sanksi kaidah sosial lainnya (kaidah agama, kaidah kesusilaan, dan kaidah kesopanan) dianggap kurang tegas dan kurang dirasakan secara langsung. Dimana disisi lain sanksi adalah elemen esensial dalam upaya menegakkan hukum. Atas dasar kelemahan ketiga kaidah sosial tersebut, sehingga kaidah hukum diperlukan agar kepatuhan masyarakat terhadap hukum dapat terimplementasi secara optimal. Sebagaimana adagium obedientia est legis essential (kepatuhan merupakan inti dari hukum). Alasan yang kedua adalah kaidah hukum dibutuhkan secara normatif untuk melindungi kepentingan pribadi dan masyarakat secara proporsional. (Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Hukum, 2021 : hal. 12).

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