Opini
Kekerasan Terhadap Perempuan

Published
6 years agoon
By
Mitra Wacana
Oleh : Dea Anggraeni (Mahasiswa magang UNY)
Kekerasan terhadap perempuan menjadi hal yang kompleks dan harus mendapatkan perhatian lebih. Tidak peduli apa profesi perempuan, pakaian seperti apa yang dikenakan, kerentanan masih terus menghantui perempuan. Padahal setiap orang berhak mendapatkan jaminan atas rasa aman. Kekerasan terhadap perempuan bisa terjadi dimanapun dan kapanpun baik di angkutan publik, kantor, jalanan, kampus, bahkan di rumah yang seharusnya perempuan mendapatkan perlindungan.
Ada beberapa jenis kekerasan terhadap perempuan yang kerap terjadi diantaranya; kekerasan fisik, psikis, ekonomi, maupun seksual. Menurut saya, makin maraknya kekerasan terhadap perempuan karena perempuan selalu dianggap lemah dan selalu dilemahkan. Keadaan ini diperparah dengan adanya budaya partriarkhi yang selalu dilanggengkan. Anggapan bahwa perempuan adalah makhluk yang lemah, tidak berdaya dan tidak bisa melawan selalu digaungkan. Adanya relasi kuasa dari seorang laki – laki yang memungkinkan dia untuk melakukan tindakan kekerasan terhadap perempuan. Jika semua orang menghargai dan memahami adanya kesetaraan gender maka kekerasan terhadap perempuan dapat dihindari atau diminimalisir.
Ketika (perempuan) mengalami tindak kekerasan, hampir semua mendapatkan stigma oleh sebagian masyarakat. “lalu mengapa tidak melawan jika memang tidak menginginkan?” komentar atau pernyataan seperti ini tentu saja semakin menyudutkan posisi perempuan. Masyarakat masih menganggap bahwa kasus kekerasan terhadap perempuan masih dianggap kasus yang lumrah dan biasa – biasa saja. Padahal disetiap kasus kekerasan ini menimbulkan banyak sekali kerugian yang harus dialami oleh perempuan. Kebanyakan dari penyintas mereka mendapatkan tekanan luar biasa secara psikis dan trauma berkepanjangan. Membutuhkan banyak keberanian untuk bisa menceritakan kekerasan yang dialaminya tersebut kepada orang lain apalagi harus bangkit dan berjuang untuk mendapatkan keadilannya. Untuk itu penting sekali adanya dukungan baik dari keluarga, teman dan lingkungan agar penyintas dapat bangkit dari keterpurukannya.
Berbicara mengenai kasus kekerasan terhadap perempuan sangat memprihatinkan. Perempuan masih dianggap kaum yang lemah. Anggapan ini juga yang turut memicu peremuan diperlakukan semena-mena. Psikolog Kasandra Putranto menjelaskan alasan banyak perempuan merasa takut untuk langsung melaporkan kekerasan yang dilakukan oleh pasangan karena perempuan berada pada posisi yang tidak berdaya. Ada tiga hal yang membuat perempuan merasa tidak berani mengadukan kekerasan yagn dialaminya kepada pihak berwenang antara lain : (1) Perasaan tidak berdaya, (2) Tidak mampu secara finansial, (3) Ada ketergantungan secara ekonomi terhadap pasangan. Banyak perempuan yang mengurungkan niat untuk melaporkan tindak kekerasan yang dialaminya ke pihak berwenang karena mendapatkan ancaman dan perlakukan lebih kasar dari pelaku. Tekanan luar biasa yang dirasakan membuat perempuan semakin tak berdaya di hadapan pelaku. Keadaan ini dimanfaatkan oleh pelaku untuk mengontrol dan memperlakukan perempuan sesuai dengan keinginannya.
Salah satu kasus kekerasan yang dialami oleh sahabat saya. Dia menceritakan tentang pasangannya yang kerap sekali kekerasan dalam berpacaran dengan melecehkan, mengintimidasi dan melarang hal – hal yang disukainya. Rasa cemburu yang berlebihan kerap menjadi alasan untuk melakukan kekerasan secara fisik maupun psikis.
Banyak hal yang menyebabkan terjadinya kekerasan terhadap perempuan antara lain : (1) Lemahnya pengendalian diri, (2) Kurangnya nilai-nilai agama dan memahami ajaran agama, (3) Ketidak kepedulian terhadap hukum yang berlaku, (4) adanya tekanan psikis dan ekonomi. Selama ini banyak kasus-kasus yang belum bisa diselesaikan meskipun sudah ada regulasi yang mengaturnya. Padahal negara sudah menjamin bahwa setiap warga negara berhak mendapatkan perlindungan dari berbagai bentuk tindak kekerasan dan diskriminasi terutama perempuan dan anak.
Opini
Bridging the Gap: Access to Justice for Women in Rural Indonesia

Published
4 days agoon
21 April 2025By
Mitra Wacana
Author: Sarah Crockett (Intern from Australia)
Article 27 of the 1945 Constitution affirmed that all citizens shall be equal before the law, underscoring a core principle of equality within the legal framework of Indonesia. This foundational concept is further reinforced through Article 28D(1); that every person shall be entitled to protection and equitable legal certainty as well as equal treatment before the law. This burdens the State to grant everyone the right to be equal before the law without any excuses. In 1984 Indonesia also ratified CEDAW (The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women). These laws, while well-intentioned, have frequently fallen short of their goals. Over the years, cases have shown how laws failed to facilitate the protection of women and the prevention of sexual harassment in Indonesia. A key aspect of this is the difficulty women experiencing in gaining access to justice following sexual crimes.
This issue of access to justice for women who have experienced sexual violence is heightened in rural areas. Rural regions are not only more isolated in a geographic sense, but the remoteness of location also creates a scarcity of certain assets. There are fewer resources like lawyers, education on the law and other legal aids. This can make it even more difficult to obtain legal counsel and cause confusion around whether individuals are entitled to legal assistance as well as where they can find it. Many women are unaware of their rights or what legal avenues are available to them to address instances of sexual assault. These areas also lack access to essential legal technology such as systems for digital record-keeping.
This gap can create inefficiencies in case handling, particularly in cases of sexual assault where the documentation of incidents is vital to the provision of evidence. The resulting inefficiencies stemming from outdated or ineffective record systems can lead to lost or mismanaged evidence, creating obstacles to timely and efficient legal justice and undermining the credibility of the legal system. Furthermore, a lack of adequate support systems for victims in rural areas, for example advocacy groups or mental health services, can increase feelings of isolation and helplessness resulting in reduced reporting. It is particularly vital that these issues are addressed as a significant portion of reported sexual assaults originate in rural regions. In a survey of 735 court decisions involving the sexual abuse of women 78.1% of cases were from rural region, although many cases go unreported.
Rural regions and more isolated communities tend to have even greater social stigma around female sexual assault than more urban areas. Traditional values in these areas can prioritize family honour and the reputation of the community over individual rights. An example of how this can manifest is the fact that women in rural regions who are assaulted are frequently pressured to marry their rapist to avoid social stigma by both their family and the police. In 2020 in East Nusa Tenggara a fifteen-year-old rape victim was married off by her parents to her seventy-year-old rapist. This stigma is amplified by cultural norms and patriarchal attitudes that place the burden of blame on victims. As a result, victims fear damage to their reputations or even backlash from their families.
Cultural norms may also encourage reconciliation over the pursuit of legal recourse. There is often pressure to avoid legal action to reduce the perceived shame this would bring the families of women who have experienced sexual assault. Victims may also feel that the outcomes they can expect for reporting will be unsatisfactory and therefore decline to pursue formal justice, particularly in rural areas. This stigmatization not only discourages individuals from seeking legal recourse but also affects their mental health and physical well-being. The stigma could extend to the legal process, where victims may face revictimization through insensitive questioning or biased treatment, reinforcing a culture of silence and underreporting. There is also a trend in rural areas of police lacking sensitivity training when dealing with victims of sexual assault, resulting in a bias against claimants and a culture of victim-blaming, further disincentivising victims from reporting.
In recent years, Indonesia experienced progressive development towards its laws and regulations on sexual violence. For years, the Wetboek van Stratrecht (WvS) has been the sole reference of law on sexual violence in Indonesia. In general, the Dutch-inherited criminal code is not sufficient to accommodate the fast-changing dynamics of criminal law in Indonesia. For years, Indonesia applied a very limited definition of sexual violence that often ending up causing harm to victims and restricted the effectiveness of legal enforcement. The retributive nature of Indonesia’s criminal law also puts aside the victim’s rights and interests which a massive application of restorative justice in Indonesia’s criminal law has tried to reform. Indonesia has now enacted Law Number 12 of 2022 on Sexual Violence which adopted a broader definition of sexual violence. The adoption of a broader definition of sexual violence could be seen from the inclusion of non-physical sexual harassment, marital sexual harassment, and online-based sexual violence.
Law Number 12 of 2022 also puts more focus on the victim compared to the old law as it is more perpetrator-oriented. The new law sets out a series of measures for the protection of the victim of sexual harassment such as medical and psychological guidance, restitution, rehabilitation, and also legal aid. The new law also recognises the importance of the victim’s own statements as well as digital evidence. However, despite the improvements shown by Law Number 12 of 2022, there have been a lot of obstacles in implementing the law. Law enforcement officers, especially police and prosecutors, are often poorly trained in handling sexual violence cases from a victim-centered perspective, resulting in many cases not being taken seriously or being overlooked. This also causes victims to doubt whether their cases would be taken seriously or if they would experience backlash for being the victims of sexual crimes.
The new law on sexual violence is expected to bring fresh air to the enforcement and eradication of sexual harassment in Indonesia. It is also in the spirit of applying the concept of restorative justice in Indonesia’s criminal law, while slowly leaving the long-adopted concept of retributive justice. In its formulation, the Government labelled Law Number 12 of 2022 on Sexual Violence as a more accommodating law and provides more care to the victim by introducing more definitions of sexual violence, legal aid to the victim, restitution, and a higher sanction to the perpetrator. Despite all the claims made by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia, the law is far from what seems to be the objective of the law. One of the most vital points in ensuring the success of the implementation of the law is the legal enforcer. As perfect as it is, the law will not be ideal if the enforcement is weak.
In addition, the enforcement of the law in online-based sexual violence remains ineffective. The digital infrastructure provided by the government in battling with online-based sexual violence is insufficient and cannot accommodate the fast-paced development of the internet. This can result in victims being left untreated and the existing systems for protection and prevention of online sexual violence are very minimal. Overall, further work is required in order to facilitate better access to justice for women in rural Indonesia.

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