Opini
Sikap Keagamaan Kartini

Published
9 years agoon
By
Mitra Wacana

Enik Maslahah
“….Sebenarnya saya beragama Islam, karena nenek moyang saya beragama Islam. Bagaimana saya mencintai agama saya, kalau saya tidak mengenalnya? Tidak boleh mengenalnya? Alqur’an terlalu suci untuk diterjemahkan, dalam bahasa apapun juga. Di sini tidak ada orang tahu bahasa Arab. Di sini orang diajari membaca qur’an, tetapi tidak mengerti apa yang dibacanya. Saya menganggap hal itu suatu pekerjaaan gila; mengajar orang membaca tanpa mengajarkan makna yang dibacanya. Samalah halnya engkau mengajar saya membaca buku bahasa Inggris dan saya harus hafal seluruhnya, tanpa kamu terangkan arti kata sepatah pun dalam buku itu kepada saya. Kalau saya mau mengenal dan memahami agama saya, maka saya harus pergi ke tanah Arab untuk mempelajari bahasanya di sana…..”
Kutipan di atas diambil dari surat Kartini kepada temannya Stella Zeehandelaar ter-tanggal 6 November 1899. Dalam ungkapan surat Kartini di atas, menunjukkan keinginan Kartini untuk lebih memahami ajaran agamanya, yang tertuang di dalam kitab suci Al-qur’an. Beragama menurut Kartini tidak hanya karena agama orang tua kita. Akan tetapi, Kartini ingin memiliki sikap keagamaan yang matang, tidak sekedar ikut-ikutan ( taqlid buta).
Kematangan dalam beragama ditunjukkan pada bagaimana pemeluk agama mengerti dan memahami apa yang diajarkan oleh agamanya di dalam kitab suci (Al-qur’an). Untuk mencapai pemahamannya yang mendalam terhadap agama, perlu dilengkapi dengan pengajaran agama yang memadai. Di masa Kartini, pengajaran agama hanya ditonjolkan pada ritualitas agama saja; membaca Al-qur’an dan menjalankan sholat tanpa mengerti makna yang terkandung di dalamnya. Sistem pengajaran agama seperti ini sangat menonjol di masyarakat Jawa saat itu. Dimana masyarakat hanya menerima apa saja yang diajarkan oleh guru ngajinya tanpa ada proses dialog mendalam. Di samping itu, saat itu, ulama belum banyak di tanah Jawa. Baru pada awal abad dua puluh setelah Kartini meninggal dunia, orang-orang Jawa yang belajar agama di tanah Arab kembali ke Jawa, dengan mendirikan pesantren dan organisasi Islam.
Kondisi pengajaran agama yang tidak memadai tersebut membuat Kartini selalu mempertanyakan sikap keagamaannya. Di satu sisi, Kartini menerima pengajaran Barat yang menghormati rasionalitas, di sisi lain di dalam rumah Kartini mendapatkan pengajaran agama yang hanya mengutamakan hafalan, tanpa pemahaman yang komprehensif. Adanya perbenturan antara rasionalitas (masuk akal) dan irasionalitas (tidak masuk akal) ini, membuat sikap keagamaan Kartini menjadi matang dan kritis.
Situasi ini mendorong Kartini selalu berusaha ingin mengerti makna apa dibalik ajaran agama tersebut. Tidak heran, bila suatu saat Kartini pernah menolak membaca al-quran karena tidak mengerti isinya. Bahkan dia pernah tidak mau berpuasa lagi dan melakukan hal-hal yang tanpa dipikirnya terlebih dahulu. Hingga akhirnya, ia sampai putus asa karena tidak ada orang yang menerangkan kepadanya apa yang tidak dipahaminya. Sebagaimana sikap kritis Kartini ini terungkap dalam suratnya: “ Kami namanya muslim , karena kami turunan orang muslim. Dan kami namanya saja muslim, lebih dari itu tidak. Tuhan, Allah, bagi kami hanya semata-mata kata seruan. Sepatah kata bunyi tanpa arti dan rasa”[1]
Kartini merasa pengalaman agama semacam itu tidak memiliki makna apapun bagi peningkatan spiritualitas seseorang. Seseorang dalam beragama hanya mendapatkan identitas Islam itu sendiri, akan tetapi hampa dari makna Islam itu sendiri. Sikap keagamaan seperti itu dianggap Kartini sebagai suatu pekerjaan “gila”. Satu-satunya cara menurut Kartini untuk memahami agama Islam yang kitab sucinya berbahasa Arab, adalah belajar bahasa Arab. Dan paling tidak, ada seorang guru agama yang paham terhadap bahasa Arab,sehingga sang guru ngaji bisa menerangkan isi yang terkandung di dalam al-qur’an.
Sikap keagamaan Kartini tersebut, bukan berarti menyesatkan, akan tetapi suatu sikap kritis untuk mencapai kebenaran yang hakiki terhadap agama yang diyakininya. Bisa kita pahami, bagaimana kondisi pengajaran agama saat itu. Al-qur’an saat itu tidak ada terjemahannya, bahkan tidak boleh diterjemahkan.[2] Dan, tidak semua guru ngaji mengerti bahasa Arab, meski bisa membaca huruf Arab. Kedua, saat itu, tidak banyak buku-buku agama yang menjabarkan soal agama; tauhid, fiqih, dan lainnya. Keberadaan pesantren yang mengulas kitab kuning sebagai hasil tafsir dari al-qur’an dan al-hadist belum banyak di tanah Jawa. Meskipun ada, perempuan saat itu, belum punya akses belajar kitab kuning di pesantren.
Kartini mendapat model pendidikan Barat setingkat Sekolah Dasar (SD), karena dia adalah seorang putri dari bupati Jepara. Itupun tidak semua perempuan bangsawan mendapatkan pendidikan Barat. Kebetulan sekali, bapak Kartini sangat mengagumi pendidikan Barat dan mencintai buku. Tidak heran, bila bapak Kartini memberikan Kartini buku-buku dari Eropa dan bahkan Kartini berlangganan majalah Belanda. Dari situ juga, Kartini bertemu dengan ide-ide kesetaraan antara perempuan dan laki-laki (emansipasi).
Di samping itu, luasnya wawasan Kartini juga ditopang dengan pertemuannya dengan tokoh-tokoh intelektual Belanda saat itu. Di sinilah, Kartini mengalami pertukaran pemikiran lintas budaya yang luar biasa. Pertukaran pemikiran tersebut dilanjutkan Kartini dengan cara berkorespondensi. Pergulatan Kartini dengan buku dan dialog dengan intelektual Belanda melalui korespondensi membuat Kartini peka terhadap masalah-masalah sosial di lingkungannya. Terutama, isu emansipasi perempuan yang mendapat perhatian cukup besar dari Kartini.
Di sinilah, letak perbedaan kepahlawanan Kartini dengan pahlawan perempuan lainnya di Indonesia. Kartini menjadi pahlawan tidak didasarkan pada tindakan-tindakan heroicnya, akan tetapi lebih pada pemikirannya yang dia tulis dalam surat-suratnya kepada teman-temannya yang terpelajar. Di dalam suratnya yang sangat berharga tersebut banyak sumbangan pemikiran Kartini untuk bangsa ini. Sumbangannya terhadap pemikiran keagamaan yang menonjol adalah menjauhkan sikap taqlid dalam beragama. Meski, orang tidak mampu berbahasa Arab, tidak berarti tidak punya hak untuk mempertanyakan kembali apa yang dia terima sebagai ajaran agama. Dengan begitu, Kartini tidak hanya sebagai pahlawan emansipasi perempuan tetapi juga bisa dikatakan sebagai penggerak Mujtahid-mujtahid perempuan.
[1] Sumartana, TH. Tuhan dan Agama dalam Pergulatan Batin Kartini. Jakarta: Grafiti, 1993. hlm. 40.
[2] Di Indonesia, Alqur’an mulai boleh diterjemahkan pada tahun 1920 an (enam belas tahun setelah Kartini meninggal dunia, 1904).
*Tulisan ini pernah dimuat di bulletin Al-A’dalah tahun 2009
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Opini
Bridging the Gap: Access to Justice for Women in Rural Indonesia

Published
4 days agoon
21 April 2025By
Mitra Wacana
Author: Sarah Crockett (Intern from Australia)
Article 27 of the 1945 Constitution affirmed that all citizens shall be equal before the law, underscoring a core principle of equality within the legal framework of Indonesia. This foundational concept is further reinforced through Article 28D(1); that every person shall be entitled to protection and equitable legal certainty as well as equal treatment before the law. This burdens the State to grant everyone the right to be equal before the law without any excuses. In 1984 Indonesia also ratified CEDAW (The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women). These laws, while well-intentioned, have frequently fallen short of their goals. Over the years, cases have shown how laws failed to facilitate the protection of women and the prevention of sexual harassment in Indonesia. A key aspect of this is the difficulty women experiencing in gaining access to justice following sexual crimes.
This issue of access to justice for women who have experienced sexual violence is heightened in rural areas. Rural regions are not only more isolated in a geographic sense, but the remoteness of location also creates a scarcity of certain assets. There are fewer resources like lawyers, education on the law and other legal aids. This can make it even more difficult to obtain legal counsel and cause confusion around whether individuals are entitled to legal assistance as well as where they can find it. Many women are unaware of their rights or what legal avenues are available to them to address instances of sexual assault. These areas also lack access to essential legal technology such as systems for digital record-keeping.
This gap can create inefficiencies in case handling, particularly in cases of sexual assault where the documentation of incidents is vital to the provision of evidence. The resulting inefficiencies stemming from outdated or ineffective record systems can lead to lost or mismanaged evidence, creating obstacles to timely and efficient legal justice and undermining the credibility of the legal system. Furthermore, a lack of adequate support systems for victims in rural areas, for example advocacy groups or mental health services, can increase feelings of isolation and helplessness resulting in reduced reporting. It is particularly vital that these issues are addressed as a significant portion of reported sexual assaults originate in rural regions. In a survey of 735 court decisions involving the sexual abuse of women 78.1% of cases were from rural region, although many cases go unreported.
Rural regions and more isolated communities tend to have even greater social stigma around female sexual assault than more urban areas. Traditional values in these areas can prioritize family honour and the reputation of the community over individual rights. An example of how this can manifest is the fact that women in rural regions who are assaulted are frequently pressured to marry their rapist to avoid social stigma by both their family and the police. In 2020 in East Nusa Tenggara a fifteen-year-old rape victim was married off by her parents to her seventy-year-old rapist. This stigma is amplified by cultural norms and patriarchal attitudes that place the burden of blame on victims. As a result, victims fear damage to their reputations or even backlash from their families.
Cultural norms may also encourage reconciliation over the pursuit of legal recourse. There is often pressure to avoid legal action to reduce the perceived shame this would bring the families of women who have experienced sexual assault. Victims may also feel that the outcomes they can expect for reporting will be unsatisfactory and therefore decline to pursue formal justice, particularly in rural areas. This stigmatization not only discourages individuals from seeking legal recourse but also affects their mental health and physical well-being. The stigma could extend to the legal process, where victims may face revictimization through insensitive questioning or biased treatment, reinforcing a culture of silence and underreporting. There is also a trend in rural areas of police lacking sensitivity training when dealing with victims of sexual assault, resulting in a bias against claimants and a culture of victim-blaming, further disincentivising victims from reporting.
In recent years, Indonesia experienced progressive development towards its laws and regulations on sexual violence. For years, the Wetboek van Stratrecht (WvS) has been the sole reference of law on sexual violence in Indonesia. In general, the Dutch-inherited criminal code is not sufficient to accommodate the fast-changing dynamics of criminal law in Indonesia. For years, Indonesia applied a very limited definition of sexual violence that often ending up causing harm to victims and restricted the effectiveness of legal enforcement. The retributive nature of Indonesia’s criminal law also puts aside the victim’s rights and interests which a massive application of restorative justice in Indonesia’s criminal law has tried to reform. Indonesia has now enacted Law Number 12 of 2022 on Sexual Violence which adopted a broader definition of sexual violence. The adoption of a broader definition of sexual violence could be seen from the inclusion of non-physical sexual harassment, marital sexual harassment, and online-based sexual violence.
Law Number 12 of 2022 also puts more focus on the victim compared to the old law as it is more perpetrator-oriented. The new law sets out a series of measures for the protection of the victim of sexual harassment such as medical and psychological guidance, restitution, rehabilitation, and also legal aid. The new law also recognises the importance of the victim’s own statements as well as digital evidence. However, despite the improvements shown by Law Number 12 of 2022, there have been a lot of obstacles in implementing the law. Law enforcement officers, especially police and prosecutors, are often poorly trained in handling sexual violence cases from a victim-centered perspective, resulting in many cases not being taken seriously or being overlooked. This also causes victims to doubt whether their cases would be taken seriously or if they would experience backlash for being the victims of sexual crimes.
The new law on sexual violence is expected to bring fresh air to the enforcement and eradication of sexual harassment in Indonesia. It is also in the spirit of applying the concept of restorative justice in Indonesia’s criminal law, while slowly leaving the long-adopted concept of retributive justice. In its formulation, the Government labelled Law Number 12 of 2022 on Sexual Violence as a more accommodating law and provides more care to the victim by introducing more definitions of sexual violence, legal aid to the victim, restitution, and a higher sanction to the perpetrator. Despite all the claims made by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia, the law is far from what seems to be the objective of the law. One of the most vital points in ensuring the success of the implementation of the law is the legal enforcer. As perfect as it is, the law will not be ideal if the enforcement is weak.
In addition, the enforcement of the law in online-based sexual violence remains ineffective. The digital infrastructure provided by the government in battling with online-based sexual violence is insufficient and cannot accommodate the fast-paced development of the internet. This can result in victims being left untreated and the existing systems for protection and prevention of online sexual violence are very minimal. Overall, further work is required in order to facilitate better access to justice for women in rural Indonesia.

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